menu
  Home  ==>  papers  ==>  web  ==>  whois   

Whois - Felix John COLIBRI.


1 - Introduction

Each morning we process our Web Server logs, to check whether some mistakes were found (dead links, wrong zip names etc). We also accumulate some statistics, look at the way visitors jump from page to page, and perform a quick URL analysis: who are the people visiting our site.

The IIS logs include the IP of the visitors, and this allows to get the domain name of the visitor (reverse DNS) and IP owner (Whois).

Before getting into the detail of the Whois project, let us stress that this enquiry is in no way a "big brother" kind of eavesdropping. Many individual visitors use ISP's (Internet Service Providers) who own bundles of IP's, and the reverse DNS as well as the Whois request only yields the ISP and not the true final visitor. And if users connect by using a corporate Server with a dedicated IP, we only get back the corporation, and not the individual who is visiting us. Nevertheless, knowing that persons from Chevron or Texas Instruments came by rather than NBC or Macy's is still interesting.




2 - Principle of Whois Resquests

When you buy a domain, you have to register this purchase with some companies. There is a record of this purchase in a database, and this record can be read by doing a Whois TCP/IP request.

There are many companies who register the domains. Each of them maintains a Whois Server, which can be interrogated by a Whois request.

I'm not sure how many of those companies are around, by for our site, we found that 5 Whois Servers covered all the IPs we had to handle. They are:

  • whois.arin.net for North America
  • whois.apnic.net for the Asia Pacific area
  • whois.lacnic.net for Latin America
  • whois.ripe.net for Europe
  • whois.afrinic.net for Africa
In order to get the information concerning a visitor:
  • we establish a connection with the Whois Server
  • we sent the visitor IP
  • the Server sends back a text page with
    • either the information about this IP
    • or some kind of message trying to tell us what other Whois Server should be used


Let us take a first example:
  • a visitor from 192.193.221.153 looked at our site
  • using the whois.arin.net Server, we asked who was 192.193.221.153
  • the answer came back:

     
    OrgName:    Citicorp Global Information Network 
    OrgID:      CGIN 
    Address:    388 Greenwich 
    City:       New York 
    StateProv:  NY 
    PostalCode: 10013 
    Country:    US
    NetRange: 192.193.0.0 - 192.193.255.255 CIDR: 192.193.0.0/16 NetName: CITICORP-C NetHandle: NET-192-193-0-0-1 Parent: NET-192-0-0-0-0 NetType: Direct Assignment NameServer: NS1.NSROOT1.COM NameServer: NS2.NSROOT2.COM Comment: RegDate: 1992-07-06 Updated: 2003-08-14
    TechHandle: KM9-ARIN TechName: McKenna, Ken TechPhone: +1-718-248-3866 TechEmail: hostmaster@cto.citicorp.com
    OrgAbuseHandle: CCC9-ARIN OrgAbuseName: CTAC Command Center OrgAbusePhone: +1-212-723-4480 OrgAbuseEmail: ctaccmdcenter@citigroup.com
    OrgTechHandle: PATRI6-ARIN OrgTechName: Morris, Patrick A. OrgTechPhone: +1-212-816-1780 OrgTechEmail: patrick.a.morris@citigroup.com
    # ARIN WHOIS database, last updated 2005-05-23 19:10 # Enter ? for additional hints on searching ARIN's WHOIS database.



2.1 - The Whois Server information

The answer of each Whois Server is not normalized. Each Server has its own answer format. In addition, there is no way to tell which Whois Server should be interrogated: there is no central table which establish this IP - Whois Server correspondance.

It seems that the best we can do is to select a Whois Server at random, read the answer, and if this answer tells us to look at some other Whois Server, to try our luck there.

We therefore must look at some answers, and try to establish some patterns in order to tell whether the correct Whois Server was reached, and if not, how to find in the answer the next candidate.

So let us quickly present the format of our 5 main Whois Servers:



2.2 - ARIN (Northern Americas and southern Africa)

Here is an example with 146.27.122.17:

 
OrgName:    Chevron Corporation 
OrgID:      CHEVRO 
Address:    6001 Bollinger Canyon Road 
City:       San Ramon 
StateProv:  CA 
PostalCode: 94583-2324 
Country:    US
NetRange: 146.22.0.0 - 146.46.255.255 CIDR: 146.22.0.0/15, 146.24.0.0/13, 146.32.0.0/13,   146.40.0.0/14, 146.44.0.0/15, 146.46.0.0/16 NetName: CHEVRON NetHandle: NET-146-22-0-0-1 Parent: NET-146-0-0-0-0 NetType: Direct Assignment NameServer: BOCFG3.CHEVRONTEXACO.COM NameServer: BOCFG4.CHEVRONTEXACO.COM NameServer: CHVPKFG1.CHEVRONTEXACO.COM NameServer: CHVPKFG2.CHEVRONTEXACO.COM Comment: RegDate: 1991-01-18 Updated: 2003-04-07
TechHandle: BB1786-ARIN TechName: Beach, Bob TechPhone: +1-925-842-3626 TechEmail: hostmaster@chevrontexaco.com
OrgTechHandle: BB1786-ARIN OrgTechName: Beach, Bob OrgTechPhone: +1-925-842-3626 OrgTechEmail: hostmaster@chevrontexaco.com
# ARIN WHOIS database, last updated 2005-05-23 19:10 # Enter ? for additional hints on searching ARIN's WHOIS database.

(we have inserted a newline in the CIDR line)



2.3 - APNIC (Asia Pacific)

Here is the result for 211.123.199.142:

 
% [whois.apnic.net node-1] 
% Whois data copyright terms    http://www.apnic.net/db/dbcopyright.html
inetnum: 211.120.0.0 - 211.135.255.255 netname: JPNIC-NET-JP descr: Japan Network Information Center country: JP admin-c: JNIC1-AP tech-c: JNIC1-AP rev-srv: ns0.nic.ad.jp rev-srv: ns.wide.ad.jp rev-srv: ns0.iij.ad.jp rev-srv: dns0.spin.ad.jp rev-srv: ns-jp.sinet.ad.jp rev-srv: ns-jp.ntt.net remarks: JPNIC Allocation Block remarks: Authoritative information regarding assignments and remarks: allocations made from within this block can also be remarks: queried at whois.nic.ad.jp. To obtain an English remarks: output query whois -h whois.nic.ad.jp x.x.x.x/e mnt-by: APNIC-HM mnt-lower: MAINT-JPNIC changed: hostmaster@apnic.net 20000427 status: ALLOCATED PORTABLE source: APNIC
role: Japan Network Information Center address: Kokusai-Kougyou-Kanda Bldg 6F, 2-3-4 Uchi-Kanda address: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan country: JP phone: +81-3-5297-2311 fax-no: +81-3-5297-2312 e-mail: hostmaster@nic.ad.jp admin-c: SS13-AP tech-c: SY7-AP nic-hdl: JNIC1-AP mnt-by: MAINT-JPNIC changed: hm-changed@apnic.net 20041222 changed: hm-changed@apnic.net 20050324 source: APNIC
inetnum: 211.123.199.128 - 211.123.199.191 netname: FUJIFILM-NW descr: FUJI PHOTO FILM CO.,LTD. country: JP admin-c: NH1104JP tech-c: NH1104JP remarks: This information has been partially mirrored by APNIC from remarks: JPNIC. To obtain more specific information, please use the remarks: JPNIC WHOIS Gateway at remarks: http://www.nic.ad.jp/en/db/whois/en-gateway.html or remarks: whois.nic.ad.jp for WHOIS client. (The WHOIS client remarks: defaults to Japanese output, use the /e switch for for remarks: English output) changed: apnic-ftp@nic.ad.jp 20001117 source: JPNIC



2.4 - LACNIC (Latin America and the Carribean)

The information for 170.66.1.123 is:

 
% Copyright LACNIC lacnic.net 
%  The data below is provided for information purposes 
%  and to assist persons in obtaining information about or 
%  related to AS and IP numbers registrations 
%  By submitting a whois query, you agree to use this data 
%  only for lawful purposes. 
%  2005-05-24 05:57:28 (BRT -03:00)
inetnum: 170.66/16 status: assigned owner: Banco do Brasil S.A. ownerid: BR-BBSA-LACNIC responsible: Edi Domingues address: STN 716 bloco C Brazil, 000, address: 70770-100 - Brasília - DF country: BR phone: +55 61 3106303 [] owner-c: EDD tech-c: EDD inetrev: 170.66/16 nserver: DNS1.BANCOBRASIL.COM.BR nsstat: 20050519 AA nslastaa: 20050519 nserver: DNS2.BANCOBRASIL.COM.BR nsstat: 20050519 AA nslastaa: 20050519 created: 19940224 changed: 20030915
nic-hdl: EDD person: EDI DOMINGUES e-mail: edi@BB.COM.BR address: STN 716 BLOCO C, 00, address: 70770100 - Brailia - df country: BR phone: +55 61 3106303 [] created: 20030110 changed: 20030110
% whois.lacnic.net accepts only direct match queries. % Types of queries are: POCs, ownerid, CIDR blocks, IP % and AS numbers.



2.5 - RIPE (Europe)

Here is 81.255.154.129:

 
% This is the RIPE Whois query server #1. 
% The objects are in RPSL format. 
% 
% Note: the default output of the RIPE Whois server 
% is changed. Your tools may need to be adjusted. See 
% http://www.ripe.net/db/news/abuse-proposal-20050331.html 
% for more details. 
% 
% Rights restricted by copyright. 
% See http://www.ripe.net/db/copyright.html
% Information related to '81.255.154.0 - 81.255.154.255'
inetnum: 81.255.154.0 - 81.255.154.255 netname: FR-L-OREAL-CO-GLOBAL-SWITCH descr: L OREAL CO GLOBAL SWITCH country: FR admin-c: PB630-RIPE tech-c: PVI3-RIPE status: ASSIGNED PA mnt-by: RAIN-TRANSPAC source: RIPE # Filtered
person: Pascal BUGNOT address: L OREAL CO GLOBAL SWITCH address: 3 rue du 8 Mai 1945 address: 92586 CLICHY phone: +33147567272 fax-no: +33147568181 e-mail: fbugnot@dgaf.loreal.com nic-hdl: PB630-RIPE mnt-by: RAIN-TRANSPAC source: RIPE # Filtered
person: Pascal Vitte address: L'Oreal - DGAF/DOM/TI address: 62 rue d'Alsace address: 92583 Clichy CEDEX address: France phone: +33 1 47 56 46 33 fax-no: +33 1 47 56 05 57 e-mail: pvitte@dgaf.loreal.com nic-hdl: PVI3-RIPE mnt-by: RAIN-TRANSPAC source: RIPE # Filtered
% Information related to '81.255.154.0/24AS31629'
route: 81.255.154.0/24 descr: L'OREAL - RAIN Customer descr: L'OREAL origin: AS31629 mnt-by: RAIN-TRANSPAC source: RIPE # Filtered



2.6 - AFRINIC (Africa)

 
% This is the AfriNIC Whois server.BR> 
inetnum:      193.95.53.0 - 193.95.53.255 
netname:      G-NET53 
descr:        SSS GlobalNet  ISP,   P.O.P net 53 
country:      TN 
admin-c:      PA1317-AFRINIC 
tech-c:       ER149-AFRINIC 
status:       ASSIGNED PA 
mnt-by:       ATI-MNT 
mnt-lower:    ATI-MNT 
changed:      saadaoui@ati.tn 20010401 
changed:      tn.ati@ati.tn 20020214 
changed:      tn.ati@ati.tn 20020923 
changed:      hostmaster@afrinic.net 20050205 
remarks:      data has been transferred from RIPE Whois Database 20050221 
source:       AFRINIC
person: PDG ATI address: ATI address: 13 rue Jugurtha Mutuelle-ville address: 1002 Tunis - Tunisia phone: +216 71 846 100 fax-no: +216 71 846 600 e-mail: pdg@ati.tn nic-hdl: PA1317-AFRINIC mnt-by: ATI-MNT changed: tn.ati@ati.tn 20020212 changed: lir@ati.tn 20040119 changed: hostmaster@afrinic.net 20050205 remarks: data has been transferred from RIPE Whois Database 20050221 source: AFRINIC
person: Equipe Reseaux address: ATI address: 13 rue Jugurtha Mutuelle-ville address: 1002 Tunis - Tunisia phone: +216 71 846 100 fax-no: +216 71 846 600 e-mail: equipe-reseaux@ati.tn nic-hdl: er149-AFRINIC mnt-by: ATI-MNT changed: tn.ati@ati.tn 20020212 changed: lir@ati.tn 20040119 changed: hostmaster@afrinic.net 20050205 remarks: data has been transferred from RIPE Whois Database 20050221 source: AFRINIC


2.7 - Recovering from wrong Server requests

If we interrogate the wrong Server, the answer usually tells us where we should look at instead.

Let's assume that we want to investigate 13. 16.137.10 (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center). APNIC is quite clear:

 
% [whois.apnic.net node-2] 
% Whois data copyright terms    http://www.apnic.net/db/dbcopyright.html
inetnum: 13.0.0.0 - 13.255.255.255 netname: IANA-NETBLOCK-13 descr: This network range is not allocated to APNIC. descr: descr: If your whois search has returned this message, then you have descr: searched the APNIC whois database for an address that is descr: allocated by another Regional Internet Registry (RIR). descr: descr: Please search the other RIRs at whois.arin.net or whois.ripe.net descr: for more information about that range. country: AU admin-c: IANA1-AP tech-c: IANA1-AP remarks: For general info on spam complaints email spam@apnic.net. remarks: For general info on hacking & abuse complaints email abuse@apnic.net. mnt-by: MAINT-APNIC-AP mnt-lower: MAINT-APNIC-AP changed: hm-changed@apnic.net 20020530 changed: hm-changed@apnic.net 20040926 status: ALLOCATED PORTABLE source: APNIC
role: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority address: see http://www.iana.org. e-mail: nobody@apnic.net admin-c: IANA1-AP tech-c: IANA1-AP nic-hdl: IANA1-AP remarks: For more information on IANA services remarks: go to IANA web site at http://www.iana.org. mnt-by: MAINT-APNIC-AP changed: nobody@apnic.net 20020530 source: APNIC

RIPE or AFRINIC have similar answers. But LATNIC is less detailed (but ARIN is still somewhere in the text):

 
% Copyright LACNIC lacnic.net 
%  The data below is provided for information purposes 
%  and to assist persons in obtaining information about or 
%  related to AS and IP numbers registrations 
%  By submitting a whois query, you agree to use this data 
%  only for lawful purposes. 
%  2005-05-24 06:13:54 (BRT -03:00)
% Not assigned to LACNIC 13.16.137.10 % Please use the whois server at whois.arin.net
% whois.lacnic.net accepts only direct match queries. % Types of queries are: POCs, ownerid, CIDR blocks, IP % and AS numbers.


2.8 - Partial answers

For some URLs, ARIN sends a short answer. For instance with 199-72-58-100:

 
USLEC Corp. TXFER-INT-USLEC-BLK-1 (NET-199-72-0-0-1) 
                                  199.72.0.0 - 199.72.255.255
USLEC Corp. TXFER-INT-USLEC-BLK-1 (NET-199-72-0-0-1)   199.72.0.0 - 199.72.255.255
Witt Biomedical WITT-BIOMEDICAL (NET-199-72-58-96-1)   199.72.58.96 - 199.72.58.111
# ARIN WHOIS database, last updated 2005-05-22 19:10 # Enter ? for additional hints on searching ARIN's WHOIS database.

A second request with NET-199-72-58-96-1 then yields:

 
CustName:   Witt Biomedical 
Address:    305 North Drive 
City:       Melbourne 
StateProv:  FL 
PostalCode: 32934 
Country:    US 
RegDate:    2003-05-29 
Updated:    2003-05-29
NetRange: 199.72.58.96 - 199.72.58.111 CIDR: 199.72.58.96/28 NetName: WITT-BIOMEDICAL NetHandle: NET-199-72-58-96-1 Parent: NET-199-72-0-0-1 NetType: Reassigned Comment: RegDate: 2003-05-29 Updated: 2003-05-29
OrgAbuseHandle: ABUSE34-ARIN OrgAbuseName: Abuse OrgAbusePhone: +1-704-319-1248 OrgAbuseEmail: abuse@uslec.com
OrgNOCHandle: NOC136-ARIN OrgNOCName: Network Operations Center OrgNOCPhone: +1-800-978-7532 OrgNOCEmail: noc@uslec.com
OrgTechHandle: RUSSE-ARIN OrgTechName: Russell, Fred OrgTechPhone: +1-704-319-1333 OrgTechEmail: frussell@uslec.com
# ARIN WHOIS database, last updated 2005-05-23 19:10 # Enter ? for additional hints on searching ARIN's WHOIS database.


3 - The Delphi Source code

3.1 - Organization

We are going to use
  • a visitor list, with the IP, the domain, if any, and the name of the file name containing the information received from the Whois Server
  • a Whois Server list containing their domain name and their IP.
  • a whois searcher which will interrogate each Whois Server until a correct information text is found


3.2 - The visitor list

This is a list enabling to load the IP list, and save the result of our enquires.



3.3 - The Whois Server list

The list is the usual tStringList encapsulation.

The domain of each Whois Server is knowns (whois.arin.net) but not their IP (??). So we first perform a lookup to fill the IP addresses. This could be done using a blocking HostLookup, but since our c_client_socket can perform asynchronous lookups, we will use this possibility. The client socket used for the lookup is placed in the c_whois_server_list, which enables to delegate the OnAfterLookup event in order to start the next lookup after the end of the current one.

In order to reiterate the information requests, we can mark each c_whois_server to avoid circular errors (it did not happen, but who knows). In addition, some servers can be unavailable (maintenance or whatever) so we also manage an availability boolean for each c_whois_server.



Here is the c_whois_server definition:

 c_whois_server// one "whois_server"
     Class(c_basic_object)
       // -- m_name: the domain ("whois.arin.net")
       m_ipString// 69.25.34.144
       m_keyString// us
       m_unavailableBoolean;
       m_usedBoolean;

       Constructor create_whois_server(p_nameString);
       function f_display_whois_serverString;
     end// c_whois_server



and the c_whois_server_list:

 c_whois_server_list// "whois_server" list
     Class(c_basic_object)
       m_c_whois_server_listtStringList;

       // -- running search index
       m_find_ip_indexInteger;

       m_on_after_create_whois_socket,
         m_on_after_lookup_whois_socket,
         m_on_after_changed_whois_servert_on_after_whois_event;

       m_c_current_whois_serverc_whois_server;

       Constructor create_whois_server_list(p_nameString);

       // -- manage the list
       function f_whois_server_countInteger;
       function f_c_whois_server(p_whois_server_indexInteger): c_whois_server;
       function f_index_of(p_whois_server_nameString): Integer;
       function f_c_find_by_whois_server_by_name(p_whois_server_nameString): c_whois_server;
       procedure add_whois_server(p_whois_server_nameStringp_c_whois_serverc_whois_server);
       function f_c_add_whois_server(p_whois_server_nameString): c_whois_server;
       function f_c_add_unique_whois_server(p_whois_server_nameString): c_whois_server;
       procedure display_whois_server_list;

       // -- ip lookup
         procedure lookup_whois_server(p_whois_server_nameString);
         procedure handle_after_socket_error(p_c_base_socketc_base_socket);
         procedure handle_after_socket_host_lookup(p_c_client_socketc_client_socket);
         procedure search_next_server_ip;
       procedure find_server_ips;

       // -- swith servers
       function f_c_find_whois_server_by_key(p_keyString): c_whois_server;

       procedure set_current_whois_server(p_keyString);
       procedure current_whois_server_timed_out;
       function f_get_next_serverBoolean;
       procedure reset_whois_servers;

       // -- load server urls
       procedure load_whois_servers(p_full_file_nameString);
       procedure load_keys(p_full_file_nameString);

       Destructor DestroyOverride;
     end// c_whois_server_list

and

  • the list contains the usual methods for list management (like add_whois_server)
  • we also placed in this class the IP lookup functions, since this is the class where we will fetch the next domain name when we finished the lookup of the previous one
  • once all IPs have been found, we will start fetching the information for each domain. For any domain, we start with a (random) m_c_current_whois_server, and if the returned information tells us to look elsewhere, we change the current Whois Server. This Whois Server switching is controlled by the last group of methods


3.4 - The search class

The c_whois_searcher performs the request, and changes the Whois Server based on the answer. Here is the definition:

 c_whois_searcher=
     class(c_basic_object)
       m_c_whois_server_list_refc_whois_server_list;

       m_search_ipString;

       m_c_result_string_listtStringList;
       m_result_pathm_result_file_nameString;

       m_on_start_whois_searcht_on_whois_search_event;
       m_on_after_whois_search_connectt_on_whois_search_event;
       m_on_after_whois_search_receptiont_on_whois_search_event;
       m_on_after_whois_search_server_closedt_on_whois_search_event;

       Constructor create_whois_searcher(p_nameString;
           p_c_traffic_log_refc_log;
           p_c_whois_server_list_refc_whois_server_list);

       function f_whois_server_keyString;

       procedure search(p_search_ipString);
       procedure handle_whois_searcher_socket_error(p_c_whois_socketc_whois_client_socket);
       procedure handle_after_whois_searcher_connect(p_c_whois_socketc_whois_client_socket);
       procedure handle_after_whois_searcher_reception(p_c_whois_socketc_whois_client_socket);
       procedure handle_after_whois_searcher_server_closed(p_c_whois_socketc_whois_client_socket);

       Destructor DestroyOverride;
     end// c_whois_searcher

Here is the switching mechanism:

procedure test_server_switch;

  procedure search_another(p_save_namep_logp_new_keyString);
    begin
      m_c_whois_server_list_ref.set_current_whois_server(p_new_key);
      // -- check that the recognized server has not timed out
      if m_c_whois_server_list_ref.m_c_current_whois_server.m_unavailable
        then begin
            // -- start with another server
            if not m_c_whois_server_list_ref.f_get_next_server
              then begin
                  display('*** *** no_other_available_server');
                 end;

            // -- not this is a recursive call
            if Assigned(m_on_after_whois_search_server_closed)
              then m_on_after_whois_search_server_closed(Self);
          end
        else // recurse with this new server
             search(m_search_ip);
    end// search_another

  begin // test_server_switch
    if (f_whois_server_key'us')
        and (Pos('Allocated to RIPE'm_c_result_string_list.Text)> 0)
      then search_another('_to_europe.txt''us -> europe''europe'else
    if (Pos('see http://www.iana.org'm_c_result_string_list.Text)> 0)
        or  (Pos('Not assigned to LACNIC'm_c_result_string_list.Text)> 0)
      then search_another('_to_us.txt''europe -> us''us'else
    if (f_whois_server_key'us')
        and (Pos('LACNIC-ARIN'm_c_result_string_list.Text)> 0)
      then search_another('_to_latin.txt''us -> latin''latin'else
    if (f_whois_server_key'us')
        and (Pos('Allocated to APNIC'm_c_result_string_list.Text)> 0)
      then search_another('_to_asia.txt''us -> asia''asia'else
    if (Pos('see http://www.afrinic.net'm_c_result_string_list.Text)> 0)
      then search_another('_to_africa.txt'' -> africa''africa')  else

      begin
        save_result('''.txt');

        if Assigned(m_on_after_whois_search_server_closed)
          then m_on_after_whois_search_server_closed(Self);
      end;
  end// test_server_switch



3.5 - The main Form

Here is a snapshot of the main Form:

Whois Search application



Here is a mini HowTo:

  • place the liste of IP's into an ASCII file, which is saved in the _search_dns path
  • run the application
  • click "lookup_" to find the Whois Server's IP addresses
  • select the "ip_dns_" tag, click your filename in the tFileListBox
Then
  • the informations will be saved in individual files in the _data\_result\ path
  • if you click on an IP in the "redisplay_info_" the information about this IP will be redisplayed



4 - Download the Sources

Here are the source code files:
  • whois.zip: the application allowing the Whois requests (49 K)


Those .ZIP files contain:
  • the main program (.DPR, .DOF, .RES), the main form (.PAS, .DFM), and any other auxiliary form
  • any .TXT for parameters
  • all units (.PAS) for units
Those .ZIP
  • are self-contained: you will not need any other product (unless expressly mentioned).
  • can be used from any folder (the pathes are RELATIVE)
  • will not modify your PC in any way beyond the path where you placed the .ZIP (no registry changes, no path creation etc).
To use the .ZIP:
  • create or select any folder of your choice
  • unzip the downloaded file
  • using Delphi, compile and execute
To remove the .ZIP simply delete the folder.



As usual:

  • please tell us at fcolibri@felix-colibri.com if you found some errors, mistakes, bugs, broken links or had some problem downloading the file. Resulting corrections will be helpful for other readers
  • we welcome any comment, criticism, enhancement, other sources or reference suggestion. Just send an e-mail to fcolibri@felix-colibri.com.
  • or more simply, enter your (anonymous or with your e-mail if you want an answer) comments below and clic the "send" button
    Name :
    E-mail :
    Comments * :
     

  • and if you liked this article, talk about this site to your fellow developpers, add a link to your links page ou mention our articles in your blog or newsgroup posts when relevant. That's the way we operate: the more traffic and Google references we get, the more articles we will write.



5 - The author

Felix John COLIBRI works at the Pascal Institute. Starting with Pascal in 1979, he then became involved with Object Oriented Programming, Delphi, Sql, Tcp/Ip, Html, UML. Currently, he is mainly active in the area of custom software development (new projects, maintenance, audits, BDE migration, Delphi Xe_n migrations, refactoring), Delphi Consulting and Delph training. His web site features tutorials, technical papers about programming with full downloadable source code, and the description and calendar of forthcoming Delphi, FireBird, Tcp/IP, Web Services, OOP  /  UML, Design Patterns, Unit Testing training sessions.
Created: nov-04. Last updated: jul-15 - 98 articles, 131 .ZIP sources, 1012 figures
Copyright © Felix J. Colibri   http://www.felix-colibri.com 2004 - 2015. All rigths reserved
Back:    Home  Papers  Training  Delphi developments  Links  Download
the Pascal Institute

Felix J COLIBRI

+ Home
  + articles_with_sources
    + database
    + web_internet_sockets
      – tcp_ip_sniffer
      – socket_programming
      – socket_architecture
      – simple_web_server
      – simple_cgi_web_server
      – cgi_database_browser
      – whois
      – web_downloader
      – web_spider
      – rss_reader
      – news_message_tree
      – indy_news_reader
      – delphi_web_designer
      – intraweb_architecture
      – ajax_tutorial
      – bayesian_spam_filter
      + asp_net
    + oop_components
    + uml_design_patterns
    + debug_and_test
    + graphic
    + controls
    + colibri_utilities
    + colibri_helpers
    + delphi
    + firemonkey
    + compilers
  + delphi_training
  + delphi_developments
  + sweet_home
  – download_zip_sources
  + links
Contacts
Site Map
– search :

RSS feed  
Blog